Direct and indirect effects of smoking during pregnancy on child development: The Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Abstract Maternal smoking during pregnancy is known to have an adverse impact on child development. This study aimed to elucidate whether maternal smoking during pregnancy has a direct adverse effect on the child development or whether it exerts an indirect effect through birth weight reduction or c...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Scientific Reports
Main Authors:	Nozomi Tatsuta, Kunihiko Nakai, Makiko Sekiyama, Yu Taniguchi, Miyuki Iwai-Shimada, Mai Takagi, Yayoi Kobayashi, Tomohiko Isobe, Shoji F. Nakayama, Shin Yamazaki, The Japan Environment and Children’s Study Group
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Nature Portfolio 2025-05-01
Subjects:	Smoking during pregnancy Child development Direct effect Indirect effect Birth weight Cadmium
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-02684-7