Investigation of early-stage cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome on retinal structure and function evaluated by optical coherence tomography angiography

BackgroundThe retina serves as a non-invasive window to visualize systemic health, with optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) enabling simultaneous assessment of retinal structural thickness and vascular density. Suboptimal cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health status, defined by th...

Full description

Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Medicine
Main Authors:	Yunyi Liang, Congbi Liang, Jianping Yang, Wanhua Li, Runyi Liang, Kun Li, Jingfeng Zhang, Peiqiong Lao, Junhua Zhu, Lin An, Zhaohao Liang, Chubin Ou
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Subjects:	cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome optical coherence tomography angiography biomarker retinal thickness vessel density (VD)
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1614321/full