The independent and combined effects of smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on body mass index trajectories

Abstract Low body mass index (BMI) is a common feature of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but in the general population, cigarette smoking is also associated with low body weight. Many people with COPD remain smokers after diagnosis, and it is unclear whether low BMI is because o...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Scientific Reports
Main Authors:	Spencer J. Keene, Johanna H. M. Driessen, Rachel E. Jordan, Alice Sitch, Peymane Adab, Frits M. E. Franssen
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Nature Portfolio 2025-09-01
Subjects:	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) Body mass index (BMI) Epidemiology Nutritional support Smoking cessation
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17270-0