The Effects of Chronic Opioid Therapy on Achalasia and the Upper Esophageal Sphincter

<b>Background:</b> The rise of opioid drug usage in the U.S. correlates with increasing recognition of gastrointestinal side effects, especially in the esophagus. The literature has recently noted that abnormalities in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) are a poor prognostic factor in...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Medical Sciences
Main Authors: Joshua Kalapala, Promila Banerjee, Emma Schnittka, Christine Son, Jeff Leya, Stephen Sontag, Thomas Schnell, Bani Chander-Roland
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-08-01
Subjects:
upper esophageal sphincter
opioid
achalasia
esophageal dysmotility
dysphagia
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/13/3/150

Internet

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/13/3/150

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