The Effects of Chronic Opioid Therapy on Achalasia and the Upper Esophageal Sphincter

<b>Background:</b> The rise of opioid drug usage in the U.S. correlates with increasing recognition of gastrointestinal side effects, especially in the esophagus. The literature has recently noted that abnormalities in the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) are a poor prognostic factor in...

詳細記述

書誌詳細
出版年:Medical Sciences
主要な著者: Joshua Kalapala, Promila Banerjee, Emma Schnittka, Christine Son, Jeff Leya, Stephen Sontag, Thomas Schnell, Bani Chander-Roland
フォーマット: 論文
言語:英語
出版事項: MDPI AG 2025-08-01
主題:
オンライン・アクセス:https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3271/13/3/150

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