Debunking the reference champion: on uses, non-uses, and misuses of preliminary references by German courts

Many legal scholars and practitioners consider the German judiciary to be a reliable and cooperative interlocutor of the Court of Justice. German judges refer more and more constructive references than their peers in other Member States – or so the prevailing narrative runs. The present study seeks...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	European Law Open
Main Author:	Luke Dimitrios Spieker
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Cambridge University Press 2025-06-01
Subjects:	procedural law preliminary reference Court of Justice national courts German courts
Online Access:	https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S2752613525000128/type/journal_article