Missionaries and modernization in China: navigating cultural conflict and historical legacy

Abstract After China was forced to open up to the West by the First Opium War (1839–42), a wave of Western Christian missionaries descended on the country, not only seeking to convert but also introducing Western science, medicine, and education. Although they made significant contributions to the c...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Humanities & Social Sciences Communications
Main Authors:	Jiaoli Yan, Zhigang Wang, Yu Ge
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Springer Nature 2025-07-01
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-05554-9

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