Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Response in Chikungunya Virus Infection: Mechanism of Activation, Immune Evasion, and Use of TLR Agonists in Vaccine Development

CHIKV is a re-emerging mosquito-borne arthritogenic alphavirus associated with large outbreaks and severe joint pain, and it poses a growing global health threat. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as key pattern recognition receptors, detect viral components and initiate antiviral immune responses. Increa...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Vaccines
Main Authors:	Mohammad Enamul Hoque Kayesh, Michinori Kohara, Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-08-01
Subjects:	chikungunya virus Toll-like receptors innate immunity immune evasion vaccine adjuvants
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/13/8/856