Multi Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (Multi-SPEI-ETo): Evaluation of 40 Empirical Methods and Their Influence in SPEI

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) refers to the combined processes of evaporation and transpiration, which are relevant for hydrology, climate change research, and irrigation system design. The ETo is considered for different climatological studies, agriculture-focused studies, drought indices and...

Full description

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Agriculture
Main Authors:	Tariacuri Marquez-Alvarez, Joel Hernandez Bedolla, Jesus Pardo-Loaiza, Benjamín Lara-Ledesma, Constantino Domínguez-Sánchez
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-03-01
Subjects:	evapotranspiration Penman–Monteith SPEI agriculture Multi-SPEI-ETo climate risk
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/15/7/703

Similar Items

Sensitivity of Standardized Precipitation and Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) to the choice of SPEI probability distribution and evapotranspiration method
by: Sanghyun Lee, et al.
Published: (2024-06-01)

The Calculation of Continuity and Intensity of Droughts using Modified SPEI Index (Case study: Tabriz and Urmia Cities)
by: Marhamat Sebghati, et al.
Published: (2016-07-01)

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and irrigation water requirement of different crops in Bihar
by: SUNIL KUMAR
Published: (2017-09-01)

Regional Drought Analysis with Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI): Gediz Basin, Turkey
by: Mustafa Öney, et al.
Published: (2023-11-01)

SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIABILITY OF DROUGHT IN ROMANIA DURING 1901-2021 USING THE STANDARDIZED PRECIPITATION EVAPOTRANSPIRATION INDEX (SPEI)
by: Carmen Andreea BĂDĂLUȚĂ, et al.
Published: (2024-04-01)

Measuring and restructuring the risk in forecasting drought classes: an application of weighted Markov chain based model for standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) at one-month time scale
by: Zulfiqar Ali, et al.
Published: (2020-01-01)

High-resolution Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) reveals trends in drought and vegetation water availability in China
by: Qian He, et al.
Published: (2025-04-01)

Estimation of reference evapotranspiration in South Korea using GK-2A AMI channel data and a tree-based machine learning method
by: Bu-Yo Kim, et al.
Published: (2024-12-01)

A Global Multiscale SPEI Dataset under an Ensemble Approach
by: Monia Santini, et al.
Published: (2023-02-01)

EQUAÇÕES SIMPLIFICADAS PARA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIA DIÁRIAS E SUBHORÁRIAS NO SUL DO BRASIL
by: Vander Kaufmann, et al.
Published: (2022-06-01)

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Drought Variability in Myanmar Based on the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Its Impact on Crop Production
by: Zin Mie Mie Sein, et al.
Published: (2021-08-01)

Reconstruction of July-September standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for the Hindu Kush region of Northern Pakistan
by: Fayaz Asad, et al.
Published: (2024-01-01)

A Climatic water balance variability during the growing season in Poland in the context of modern climate change
by: Grzegorz Urban, et al.
Published: (2022-12-01)

Modeling the Effect of Climate Change on Evapotranspiration in the Thrace Region
by: Huzur Deveci, et al.
Published: (2024-10-01)

ENSO Influence on Agricultural Drought Identified by SPEI Assessment in the Peruvian Tropical Andes, Mantaro Valley
by: Del Piero Raphael Arana Ruedas, et al.
Published: (2023-07-01)

Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and crop water requirement (ETc) of wheat and maize in Gujarat
by: RASHMI MEHTA, et al.
Published: (2015-06-01)

Temporal and Spatial Variability of Drought Based on SPEI Analysis in Southeastern Romania
by: Alexandra CHELU, et al.
Published: (2020-03-01)

Intellectus Spei: Hope as Trusting in the Uncertain. Thinking with Pope Francis’s "Spes non Confundit"
by: Grzegorz Barth
Published: (2025-09-01)

Application of Gaussian process regression to forecast multi-step ahead SPEI drought index
by: Porya Ghasemi, et al.
Published: (2021-12-01)

The Use Of Standardized Indicators (SPI And SPEI) In Predicting Droughts Over The Republic Of Moldova Territory
by: Nedealcov M., et al.
Published: (2015-10-01)

Application of Informer Model Based on SPEI for Drought Forecasting
by: Jiandong Shang, et al.
Published: (2023-05-01)

Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Drought with SPEI in the State of Mexico and Mexico City
by: Mauricio Carrillo-Carrillo, et al.
Published: (2025-02-01)

Spatiotemporal characteristics of drought in the Tarim River Basin from 2000 to 2022 based on the SPEI
by: Yong Peng, et al.
Published: (2025-12-01)

Estimation methods of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Uberlândia -MG
by: ZILDA C. DE LACERDA, et al.
Published: (2015-02-01)

Variability of Drought Frequency and Intensity in Iran using SPEI
by: H. Nazaripour, et al.
Published: (2023-03-01)

Estimation of drought trends and comparison between SPI and SPEI with prediction using machine learning models in Rangpur, Bangladesh
by: Mst. Labony Akter, et al.
Published: (2025-04-01)

Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Drought in Northeast China in Recent 58 Years Based on Daily SPEI
by: Xiaodan WANG, et al.
Published: (2022-06-01)

Optimizing radiation and temperature models to estimate reference plant evapotranspiration
by: Ahad Molavi
Published: (2025-07-01)

Identifying Optimal Reanalysis and Remote Sensing Data Combinations for Multi-Scale SPEI-Based Drought Assessment in Zhejiang Province, China
by: Suli Pan, et al.
Published: (2025-09-01)

Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Drought in Northwest China Based on SPEI Analysis
by: Yongqin Peng, et al.
Published: (2023-07-01)

Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) Methods Implemented as ArcMap Models with Remote-Sensed and Ground-Based Inputs, Examined along with MODIS ET, for Peloponnese, Greece
by: Stavroula Dimitriadou, et al.
Published: (2021-06-01)

Evaluation of evapotranspiration models for estimating daily reference evapotranspiration in arid and semiarid environments
by: O.E. Mohawesh
Published: (2011-04-01)

Evaluation of 2024 Meteorological Drought Forecasts for Türkiye: Using ECMWF SEAS5 Data and the SPEI Index
by: Gülten Çamalan, et al.
Published: (2025-06-01)

Applying Penman-Monteith Equation to Evaluate the Performance of Atmometer Apparatus in Greenhouse for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration
by: Rafah Zuhair Dawood Al-Shaikh, MSc student, et al.
Published: (2015-08-01)

Generating High-Resolution and Long-Term SPEI Dataset over Southwest China through Downscaling EEAD Product by Machine Learning
by: Rui Fu, et al.
Published: (2022-03-01)

Evaluation of Meteorological Drought Using SPI and SPEI on Wheat Yield in Southwestern Iran
by: Arash Adib, et al.
Published: (2024-12-01)

Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics and Causes of Drought in Northwest China Based on SPEI
by: FENG Shiyuan, et al.
Published: (2021-01-01)

Evaluation of Satellite Images and Products for the Estimation of Regional Reference Crop Evapotranspiration in a Valley of the Ecuadorian Andes
by: Fernando Oñate-Valdivieso, et al.
Published: (2022-09-01)

Spatiotemporal Rainfall Variability and Drought Assessment during Past Five Decades in South Korea Using SPI and SPEI
by: Muhammad Farhan Ul Moazzam, et al.
Published: (2022-02-01)

COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION: AN APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT OF WATER RESOURCES WITHIN AN EXPERIMENTAL BASIN IN THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO
by: Jackeline T. Gotardo, et al.
Published: (2016-12-01)