A Fragmentation-Centric Framework for Impact Hammer Selection in Immediate-Collapse-Prone Tunneling: Integrating Mucking Efficiency into Cycle-Time Optimization

Tunneling through weak rock masses under shallow urban overburdens is critically constrained by stand-up time. Conventional models for hydraulic impact hammers prioritize the excavation rate (Net Breaking Rate—<i>NBR</i>) but overlook a key operational bottleneck: the mucking process. Th...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Applied Sciences
Main Authors:	Meric Can Ozyurt, Zeynep Sertabipoglu
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-10-01
Subjects:	hydraulic impact hammer net breaking rate rock size reduction rock mass properties tunneling
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/20/11257