Early olfactory dysfunction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis reflects transient brain barrier breach and initiation of neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb

Olfactory dysfunction is increasingly recognized as an early, non-motor manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), but the mechanisms underlying its occurrence remain unclear. Using the rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we investigated the temporal relationship between olf...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
Main Authors:	Andjela Stekic, Milorad Dragic, Ivana Stevanovic, Marina Zaric Kontic, Marija Adzic Bukvic, Sanja Dacic, Milica Ninkovic, Nadezda Nedeljkovic
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-09-01
Subjects:	MS/EAE olfactory bulb olfactory dysfunction subarachnoid space CNS barriers adenosine signaling
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fncel.2025.1656777/full