Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Targets, and Future Therapeutic Alternatives in COPD: Focus on the Importance of the Cholinergic System

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease characterized by airway limitation and changes in airway structure. It has a high global burden of mortality and morbidity. The etiology of COPD is complex, but exposure to tobacco smoke and other inhaled lung oxidants are major r...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Biomolecules
Main Authors:	Felisbela Gomes, Shih-Lung Cheng
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2023-03-01
Subjects:	chronic obstructive pulmonary disease inflammation acetylcholine muscarinic antagonists β2 agonists PDE4 inhibitors
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/13/3/476