Optimization of the production of grade A liquid smoke from Patchouli solid residue using a distillation-adsorption process

Patchouli cultivation in Lhokseumawe, Aceh Province, produces a significant amount of biomass, with approximately 96%–98.5% of the raw material ending up as solid residue after the oil distillation process. This waste is often discarded or burned, leading to environmental problems. However, this res...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	AIMS Environmental Science
Main Authors:	Zainuddin Ginting, Adi Setiawan, Khairul Anshar, Ishak Ibrahin, Jalaluddin, Indri Riski Hasanah, Fitriyaningsih, Zetta Fazira
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	AIMS Press 2025-01-01
Subjects:	patchouli solid residue liquid smoke pyrolysis distillation adsorption
Online Access:	https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/environsci.2025005