Shadow Economy and the Ecological Footprint Nexus: The Implication of Foreign Direct Investment in ASEAN Countries

This study examines the influence of economic growth, energy consumption, a shadow economy, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the ecological footprint in ASEAN countries. The analysis covers a panel of nine member states—Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Economies
Main Authors:	Nattapan Kongbuamai, Quocviet Bui, Suthep Nimsai
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-09-01
Subjects:	shadow economy foreign direct investment ecological footprint ASEAN countries sustainability
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/13/9/258