Identifying Causative Agents of a Paretic Syndrome in Waterbirds in Southern Portugal

Paretic and paralyzing syndromes affecting wild birds are widely described in the literature, with outbreaks showing an increase in frequency and intensity worldwide during recent years. In the Iberian Peninsula, a paretic clinical picture without known etiology affecting mostly gulls has been repor...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Toxins
Main Authors:	María V. Mena Casero, Andrew D. Turner, Begoña Ben-Gigirey, Ryan P. Alexander, Karl J. Dean, Robert G. Hatfield, Benjamin H. Maskrey, Christelle Mazuet, Kobey Karamendin, Rafael Mateo
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-01-01
Subjects:	paretic syndrome botulism neurotoxin toxins etiology diagnosis
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/17/2/62