Biochar Surface Chemistry Modification by Blending Hardwood, Softwood, and Refuse-Derived Fuel: Insights from XPS, FTIR, and Zeta Potential Analysis

This study investigates how the inclusion of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) alters the surface chemistry and electrostatic behavior of oak-based biochar. Biochars were produced using downdraft gasification at 850 °C from 100% oak (HW) and a ternary blend comprising 50% oak, 30% pine, and 20% RDF (HW/SW/R...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Fuels
Main Authors:	Paul C. Ani, Hasan J. Al-Abedi, Joseph D. Smith, Zeyad Zeitoun
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-09-01
Subjects:	biochar surface chemistry refuse-derived fuel (RDF) oak-based biomass zeta potential electrophoretic mobility
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2673-3994/6/3/71