| 总结: | Host cell-free, axenic development of liver stages (LS) of the malaria parasite has been demonstrated. Here we explored axenic liver stages as a novel live whole parasite malaria vaccine platform, which is unaltered and not prone to human-error, compared to the immunization with live-attenuated sporozoites that must be done intravenously. We show that in contrast to live sporozoites, axenic LS are not infectious to the immunized host. Subcutaneous immunizations of mice with <i>Plasmodium yoelii</i> axenic LS, developed from wild-type (WT) sporozoites or WT sporozoites expressing enhanced-GFP, conferred sterile protection against <i>P. yoelii</i> infectious sporozoite challenge. Thus, axenic liver stages of <i>P. falciparum</i> and <i>P. vivax</i> might constitute an attractive alternative to live sporozoite immunization.
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