Characterization of an olfactory system dysfunction model: a vanadium dose-effect study via nose-to-brain delivery in rats

IntroductionThe olfactory system acts as an interface between the environment and the brain. Its direct neural connection makes it a target for xenobiotics and a suitable model for studying olfactory dysfunction and related neurotoxic effects. This study aimed to characterize an animal model of olfa...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Neuroanatomy
Main Authors:	Margarida Pereira, Carlos Venâncio, Maria Lurdes Pinto, Luís Manuel Félix, Sofia Alves-Pimenta, Bruno Colaço
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-09-01
Subjects:	animal model olfactory dysfunction nose-to-brain delivery rat olfactory system
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnana.2025.1641228/full