Investigating the impact of the dispersion protocol on the physico-chemical identity and toxicity of nanomaterials: a review of the literature with focus on TiO2 particles

Abstract Particles often require dispersion in aqueous media to allow assessment of their hazard profile. The approach used to disperse particles is not consistent in the published literature, with approaches including stirring, vortexing, shaking or sonication, and the use of biological or chemical...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Particle and Fibre Toxicology
Main Authors:	Andrew McCormack, Vicki Stone, James McQuat, Helinor Johnston
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	BMC 2025-05-01
Subjects:	Dispersion protocol Agglomeration Sonication Dispersant media Titanium dioxide Reactive oxygen species
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12989-025-00627-8