Government spending and economic growth dynamics in Somalia: time series evidence from ARDL bounds testing

Abstract Somalia’s economy has faced persistent instability due to shocks from COVID-19, climate-related disasters, and conflict, resulting in stagnant GDP growth (averaging 2% from 2019 to 2023) and declining real GDP per capita (− 0.8% annually). Despite government expenditure rising to 9% of GDP...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Discover Sustainability
Main Authors:	Bile Abdisalan Nor, Yusniliyana Yusof
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Springer 2025-08-01
Subjects:	Somalia Government expenditure GDP Gross fixed capital formation FDI ARDL model
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-01471-8