Avian opioid peptides: evolutionary considerations, functional roles and a challenge to address critical questions

The present review considers the putative hormonal opioid peptides in birds. In birds and all other vertebrates, there are four opioid related genes encoding a series of peptides. These genes are, respectively, proenkephalin (PENK), prodynorphin (PDYN), pronociceptin (PNOC) and proopiomelanocortin (...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Physiology
Main Authors:	Krystyna Pierzchała-Koziec, Colin G. Scanes
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2023-06-01
Subjects:	enkephalin dynorphin nociceptin birds chicken
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2023.1164031/full