Treatment outcomes and considerations for topical immunotherapy in patients with alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis

BackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder causing non-scarring hair loss. Severe forms like alopecia totalis (AT) and alopecia universalis (AU) pose therapeutic difficult situations. Topical immunotherapy with squaric acid dibutylester (SADBE) and diphenylcyclopropenone (D...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Medicine
Main Authors:	Taiyo Hitaka, Sanehito Haruyama, Shun Ohmori, Natsuko Saito-Sasaki, Etsuko Okada, Motonobu Nakamura, Yu Sawada
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-07-01
Subjects:	alopecia totalis alopecia universalis topical immunotherapy SADBE DPCP
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2025.1573929/full