Spatial Differentiation of EU Countries in Terms of Energy Security

Global discussion on energy security remains deeply embedded in social, political, and economic discourse, especially in light of ongoing geopolitical instability and disruptions in supply chains. The aim of this study is to assess the degree of differentiation in the energy security of EU countries...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Energies
Main Authors:	Iwona Bąk, Katarzyna Wawrzyniak, Beata Szczecińska, Emilia Barej-Kaczmarek, Maciej Oesterreich
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-08-01
Subjects:	determinants of energy security TOPSIS method synthetic measure country grouping European Union
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/16/4310