Escherichia coli combination with PD-1 blockade synergistically enhances immunotherapy in glioblastoma multiforme by regulating the immune cells

Abstract Background Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary intracranial malignancy. It is characterized by insufficient infiltration of anti-tumor T lymphocytes within the tumor microenvironment (TME), rendering it an “immune cold” disease. This immune deficiency res...

Full description

Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Journal of Translational Medicine
Main Authors:	Guochen Li, Haiyan Yang, Tengfei Ke, Na Tan, Xiaolan Du, Xirui Duan, Xinyan Zhou, Guangrong Zheng, Chengde Liao
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	BMC 2025-02-01
Subjects:	Glioblastoma PD-1 Escherichia coli Immunotherapy Synergy
Online Access:	https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-025-06194-y