Modulation of renal inflammation and tubular injury by calcitriol in patients with early diabetic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial

• Published in: Annals of Medicine
• Main Authors: Pringgodigdo Nugroho, Aida Lydia, Pradana Soewondo, Suhardjono, Ina Susianti Timan, Kuntjoro Harimurti, Zulkhair Ali
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
• Subjects: Calcitriol; diabetic kidney disease; podocytopathy; tubulopathy; albuminuria; inflammation
• Online Access: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2025.2577271
• ISSN: 0785-3890; 1365-2060

Introduction Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is marked by inflammation, fibrosis and oxidative stress. Calcitriol may offer renoprotective effects by modulating these processes. This double-blind, randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of calcitriol supplementation on kidney injury biomarkers in patients with early DKD.Patients and methods This study randomized 120 patients with controlled type 2 diabetes, albuminuria, and estimated glomerular filtration rate above 45 mL/min/1.73 m2 to receive either 0.25 mcg/d calcitriol or a placebo for six months. The primary outcomes were changes in urinary nephrin, podocin, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR).Results After 6 months, the calcitriol group showed lower increases in IL-6 levels (baseline 0.72 pg/mL to 0.87 pg/mL) compared to placebo (1.03 pg/mL to 2.94 pg/mL, p = 0.006), and lower KIM-1 levels (0.36 to 0.51 ng/mL vs. 0.55 to 0.99 ng/mL, p = 0.020). Full baseline and post-treatment values are provided in Tables 2. Urinary nephrin levels decreased in the calcitriol group, while change in the placebo group varied. Although UACR decreased more in the calcitriol group, the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.099). Positive correlations were observed between KIM-1 and IL-6 in both groups, and a moderate correlation between IL-6 and urinary nephrin was observed in in the calcitriol group. No significant adverse events or changes in serum calcium or phosphate levels were reported.Conclusion These findings suggest that Calcitriol supplementation may provide renoprotection in patients with early DKD by reducing inflammation and tubular injury, with potential effects on podocyte injury. Further research is required to validate these effects and determine the optimal dosing regimens.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05298163).