Differences in Exposure to Nicotine, Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines, and Volatile Organic Compounds among Electronic Cigarette Users, Tobacco Smokers, and Dual Users from Three Countries

Country-level differences in nicotine vaping products used and biomarkers of exposure among long-term e-cigarette users and dual users remain understudied. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 in the United States (<i>n</i> = 166), United Kingdom (<i>n</i> = 129),...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Toxics
Main Authors:	Danielle M. Smith, Lion Shahab, Benjamin C. Blount, Michal Gawron, Leon Kosminder, Andrzej Sobczak, Baoyun Xia, Connie S. Sosnoff, Maciej L. Goniewicz
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2020-10-01
Subjects:	e-cigarettes harm reduction vaping nicotine toxicants global health
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/8/4/88