Why Indian Summer Monsoon fails despite La Niña conditions: role of Madden–Julian Oscillation phase persistence

This study examines the combined influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) characteristics on the interannual variability of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR), with a specific focus on La Niña years. Persistent equatorial Pacific cold tongue SST ano...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Climate
Main Authors:	Lakshmi Srinivasan, Tanu Sharma, Satyaban B. Ratna, Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, Jasmine Takle, Madhuri Musale
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2026-05-01
Subjects:	ENSO equatorial Rossby wave Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Kelvin wave La Niña Madden–Julian Oscillation
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fclim.2026.1825496/full