Influenza-like illness in cigarette smokers and electronic-cigarette users: a secondary analysis from the PAIVED study

BackgroundThe Pragmatic Assessment of Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the Department of Defense (PAIVED) study was a clinical trial of three influenza vaccines in military beneficiaries enrolled at 10 military treatment facilities over four influenza seasons (2018/19–2021/22). This secondary anal...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Public Health
Main Authors:	Rachael D. C. Jones, Kat Schmidt, Christina Schofield, Anuradha Ganesan, Wesley Campbell, David Hrncir, Tahaniyat Lalani, Katrin Mende, Ana E. Markelz, Catherine M. Berjohn, Laurie Housel, Drake H. Tilley, Adam Saperstein, Alan Williams, Bruce McClenathan, Limone Collins, Christina Spooner, Srihari Seshadri, Ryan C. Maves, Robert J. O’Connell, Simon Pollett, Mark P. Simons, John H. Powers, Christian L. Coles, Rhonda E. Colombo, Timothy H. Burgess, Stephanie A. Richard
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2026-04-01
Subjects:	cigarettes electronic-cigarettes influenza-like illness respiratory infections smoking
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1725232/full