Probiotic-derived extracellular vesicles: the next breakthrough in postbiotics for rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by systemic inflammation and joint damage. Emerging evidence highlights the role of gut and oral microbiota in RA pathogenesis, with microbial dysbiosis potentially exacerbating inflammation and immune dysregulation. Although pr...

Full description

Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Immunology
Main Authors:	Federica Dell’Atti, Hugo Abreu, Patrizia Malfa, Davide Raineri, Giuseppe Cappellano, Annalisa Chiocchetti
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2025-08-01
Subjects:	extracellular vesicles probiotics dysbiosis inflammation arthritis immunomodulation
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1620185/full