Beyond words: a hybrid transformer-ensemble approach for detecting hate speech and offensive language on social media

Over the past decade, there has been an increase in hateful content on social media platforms, specifically in tweets. Hence, it brings a challenge to identify and classify tweets containing racism, discrimination, offense, toxicity, or abuse. This article proposes a novel hybrid approach that combi...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	PeerJ Computer Science
Main Authors:	Uzair Iftikhar, Syed Farooq Ali, Ghulam Mustafa, Nurhidayah Bahar, Kashif Ishaq
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	PeerJ Inc. 2025-10-01
Subjects:	Hate speech Offensive language Sentiment analysis Social media Text classification
Online Access:	https://peerj.com/articles/cs-3214.pdf