Artificial Intelligence-Guided Neuromodulation in Heart Failure with Preserved and Reduced Ejection Fraction: Mechanisms, Evidence, and Future Directions
Heart failure, a significant global health burden, is divided into heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), characterized by systolic dysfunction and diastolic stiffness, respectively. While HFrEF benefits from pharmacological and device-based the...
| Published in: | Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-08-01
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3425/12/8/314 |
