Exposure to metoprolol and propranolol mixtures on biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular alterations in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica

Pharmaceutical drugs, particularly beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol, propranolol, etc.), are extensively used to treat human cardiovascular conditions, yet pose significant risks to non-target aquatic organisms when introduced into coastal and marine environments via wastewater effluent. This study a...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Toxicology Reports
Main Authors:	Andrew Salinas, Md Saydur Rahman
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier 2025-06-01
Subjects:	Pharmaceuticals Beta-blockers Aquatic environment Nitrative stress AChE Marine bivalves
Online Access:	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214750025000976