Bone Healing Gone Wrong: Pathological Fracture Healing and Non-Unions—Overview of Basic and Clinical Aspects and Systematic Review of Risk Factors

Bone healing is a multifarious process involving mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitor cells, macrophages, osteoblasts and -clasts, and chondrocytes to restore the osseous tissue. Particularly in long bones including the tibia, clavicle, humerus and femur, this process fails in 2–10% of all fractu...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Bioengineering
Main Authors:	Dominik Saul, Maximilian M. Menger, Sabrina Ehnert, Andreas K. Nüssler, Tina Histing, Matthias W. Laschke
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2023-01-01
Subjects:	bone bone healing fracture non-union pseudarthrosis
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5354/10/1/85