Estrogen May Enhance Toll-Like Receptor 4-Induced Inflammatory Pathways in People With HIV: Implications for Transgender Women on Hormone Therapy

BackgroundTransgender women (TW) are at increased risk for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Antiretroviral therapy-treated HIV has been associated with a two-fold increased risk of CVD, potentially due to dysregulated Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced immune a...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Frontiers in Immunology
Main Authors:	Aaren Kettelhut, Emily Bowman, Janelle Gabriel, Brittany Hand, Namal P. M. Liyanage, Manjusha Kulkarni, Frances Avila-Soto, Jordan E. Lake, Nicholas T. Funderburg
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-06-01
Subjects:	estrogen inflammation monocytes toll-like receptor 4 human immunodeficiency virus cardiovascular disease
Online Access:	https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.879600/full