Role-Aware Hierarchical Primary Frequency Regulation of Heterogeneous Source–Grid–Load Energy Storage System

With high renewable penetration, primary frequency regulation (PFR) in low-inertia power systems faces a critical challenge of balancing frequency security with sustainable energy storage system (ESS) utilization. Existing ESS-based PFR studies mainly focus on single-sided resource support or homoge...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Energies
Main Authors:	Hongwei Deng, Jun He, Penghui Yan, Xiaoyu Nie, Yifan Lv, Shuyi Wang
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2026-05-01
Subjects:	primary frequency regulation source-grid-load energy storage system hierarchical decoupling role-aware coordination model predictive control alternating direction method of multipliers
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/19/10/2459