Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome modifies smoking-related risk for cardiovascular diseases: findings from an observational cohort study in UK Biobank

Abstract Background The present study aims to investigate the association of smoking behaviors and cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), and to evaluate whether the cardiovascular benefits of smoking cessation vary across different CKM conditions....

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:BMC Public Health
Main Authors: Xinhui Liu, Heng Zhang, Hongkai Li, Fuzhong Xue
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-05-01
Subjects:
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome
Smoking cessation
Cardiovascular disease
Effect modification
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22865-3

Internet

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-22865-3

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