Adaptation and Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Dairy Cattle: An Emerging Threat to Humans, Pets, and Peridomestic Animals

Over the decades, cattle have not been considered primary hosts for influenza A viruses (IAV), and their role in influenza epidemiology has been largely unrecognized. While bovines are known reservoirs for influenza D virus, the recent emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Pathogens
Main Authors:	Rifat Noor Shanta, Mahfuza Akther, M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan, Syeda Hasina Akter, Henry Annandale, Subir Sarker, Sam Abraham, Jasim Muhammad Uddin
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	MDPI AG 2025-08-01
Subjects:	zoonosis dairy cattle mammary gland cell tropism milk production losses One Health
Online Access:	https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14/9/846