The Relationship Between Opium Smoking and Sway Back Posture and Spinal Musculoskeletal Disorders

Purpose: Opioid use disorder has increased worldwide in recent years, and Iran ranks first in terms of opium smoking in the world. Opium smoking by traditional methods, in addition to dependence on morphine, is a behavioral addiction in Iran. The body position during opium smoking is usually non-erg...

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Bibliographic Details

Published in:	Physical Treatments
Main Authors:	Omid Massah, Amir Masoud Arab, Ali Farhoudian, Mehdi Noroozi, Fahimeh Hashemirad
Format:	Article
Language:	English
Published:	Negah Institute for Scientific Communication 2025-12-01
Subjects:	opioids drug use disorder posture deformity musculoskeletal disorders iran
Online Access:	http://ptj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-643-en.pdf