History
History (derived '' ()|inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation}}) is the systematic study and documentation of human past. History is an academic discipline which uses a narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians debate the nature of history as an end in itself, and its usefulness in giving perspective on the problems of the present.The period of events before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts or traditional oral histories, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is incomplete and still has debatable mysteries.
Stories common to a particular culture, but not supported by external sources (such as the tales surrounding King Arthur), are usually classified as cultural heritage or legends. History differs from myth in that it is supported by verifiable evidence. However, ancient cultural influences have helped create variant interpretations of the nature of history, which have evolved over the centuries and continue to change today. The modern study of history is wide-ranging, and includes the study of specific regions and certain topical or thematic elements of historical investigation. History is taught as a part of primary and secondary education, and the academic study of history is a major discipline in universities.
Herodotus, a 5th-century BCE Greek historian, is often considered the "father of history", as one of the first historians in the Western tradition, though he has been criticized as the "father of lies". Along with his contemporary Thucydides, he helped form the foundations for the modern study of past events and societies. Their works continue to be read today, and the gap between the culture-focused Herodotus and the military-focused Thucydides remains a point of contention or approach in modern historical writing. In East Asia a state chronicle, the ''Spring and Autumn Annals'', was reputed to date from as early as 722 BCE, though only 2nd-century BCE texts have survived. The title "father of history" has also been attributed, in their respective societies, to Sima Qian and Ibn Khaldun. Provided by Wikipedia
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81by Ramón Suárez-Medina, Silvia Josefina Venero-Fernández, Lourdes Batista-Gutierrez, Yanelis de Los Angeles Estrada-Rondon, Anadelis Alfonso-Hernandez, Dulcima Casanave-Guarnaluce, Nieves Sardinas-Baez, Ivette Castillo-Aguilar, Jorge Antonio Febles-Del Toro, Andrew W Fogarty, HINASIC (Historia Natural de la Sibilancia en Cuba/Natural History of Wheezing in Cuba) Study GroupGet full text
Published 2018-01-01
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82by Franziska Heimburger is a PhD student at the EHESS Paris working under the joint supervision of Christophe Prochasson (EHESS Paris) and John Horne (Trinity College Dublin). Her thesis, Language questions in the Allied coalition on the Western Front during the First World War, focuses on military interpreters and, more generally, on languages in Allied coalition warfare during the First World War. She held a French government “allocation de recherche” from 2008 to 2011 and she is currently Attaché Temporaire d’Enseignement et Recherche at the EHESS. The multidisciplinary approach leading her research allowed her to intervene in various international conferences on history and humanities, such as the International Society for First World War Studies 6th Biennial Conference (Innsbruck, 2011). Among her forthcoming publications: Fighting Together: Language Issues in the Military Coordination of First World War Allied Coalition Warfare, in Languages at War. Policies and Practices of Language Contacts in Conflict, Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmilliman., Émilien Ruiz is a PhD student in Contemporary History at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS). His thesis Trop de fonctionnaires? La question des effectifs de l’État dans la France du XXe siècle focuses on different aspects of the evolution of government officials in France from 1880 to 1980. He taught methodology of historical research, contemporary history and informatics for history at the EHESS at the Paris Diderot University. From 2012 he works as assistant of Professor Paul-André Rosental at the Institut of Political Sciences of Paris (URL: < http://www.sciencespo.fr/ >). He cofounded – with Franziska Heimburger – “La Boite à Outils des Historiens” (URL: < http://www.boiteaoutils.info/ >), a blog on informatics’ tools for history and maintains the blog “Devenir historien-ne” (URL: < http://devhist.hypotheses.org/ >), about methods of historical research and historiography. Among his recent publications: «Compter: l’invention de la statistique des fonctionnaires en France (années 1890-1930)», in BEZES, Philippe, JOIN-LAMBERT, Odile (dir.), «Comment se font les administrations», in Sociologie du Travail, 52, 2/2010, pp. 212-233.Get full text
Published 2012-06-01
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92by Grant, Charles L.Other Authors: “...History...”
Published 2021
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93by Murphree, David W.Other Authors: “...History...”
Published 2014
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98by Sheridan, David AllenOther Authors: “...History...”
Published 2014
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99by Smaragdis, GeorgeOther Authors: “...History...”
Published 2014
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