Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; or ) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research. The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America), pronounced as three separate letters ( ).

The abbreviation DPhil, from the English "Doctor of Philosophy", is used by a small number of British universities, including the University of Oxford and formerly the University of York and University of Sussex in the United Kingdom.

PhDs are awarded for programs across the whole breadth of academic fields. Since it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a dissertation, and, in some cases, defend their work before a panel of other experts in the field. The completion of a PhD is typically required for employment as a university professor, researcher, or scientist in many fields.

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