Differential Inter-System Biases Estimation and Initial Assessment of Instantaneous Tightly Combined RTK with BDS-3, GPS, and Galileo
In this contribution, we assess, for the first time, the tightly combined real-time kinematic (RTK) with GPS, Galileo, and BDS-3 operational satellites using observations from their overlapping L1-E1-B1C/L5-E5a-B2a frequencies. First, the characteristics of B1C/B2a signals from BDS-3 operational sat...
Main Authors: | , , , |
---|---|
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2019-06-01
|
Series: | Remote Sensing |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1430 |
id |
doaj-013da262b2514c3e81ee086478a9a1d4 |
---|---|
record_format |
Article |
spelling |
doaj-013da262b2514c3e81ee086478a9a1d42020-11-25T01:17:03ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922019-06-011112143010.3390/rs11121430rs11121430Differential Inter-System Biases Estimation and Initial Assessment of Instantaneous Tightly Combined RTK with BDS-3, GPS, and GalileoMingkui Wu0Wanke Liu1Wang Wang2Xiaohong Zhang3School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, ChinaSchool of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaSchool of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaSchool of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, ChinaIn this contribution, we assess, for the first time, the tightly combined real-time kinematic (RTK) with GPS, Galileo, and BDS-3 operational satellites using observations from their overlapping L1-E1-B1C/L5-E5a-B2a frequencies. First, the characteristics of B1C/B2a signals from BDS-3 operational satellites is evaluated compared to GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L5-E5a signals in terms of observed carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange multipath and noise, as well as double-differenced carrier phase and code residuals using data collected with scientific geodetic iGMAS and commercial M300Pro receivers. It’s demonstrated that the observational quality of B1C/B2a signals from BDS-3 operational satellites is comparable to that of GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L5-E5a signals. Then, we investigate the size and stability of phase and code differential inter-system bias (ISB) between BDS-3/GPS/Galileo B1C-L1-E1/B2a-L5-E5a signals using short baseline data collected with both identical and different receiver types. It is verified that the BDS-3/GPS/Galileo ISBs are indeed close to zero when identical type of receivers are used at both ends of a baseline. Moreover, they are generally present and stable in the time domain for baselines with different receiver types, which can be easily calibrated and corrected in advance. Finally, we present initial assessment of single-epoch tightly combined BDS-3/GPS/Galileo RTK with single-frequency and dual-frequency observations using a formal and empirical analysis, consisting of ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), ratio values, the empirical ambiguity resolution success rate, and the positioning accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the tightly combined model can deliver much lower ADOP and higher ratio values with respect to the classical loosely combined model whether for GPS/BDS-3 or GPS/Galileo/BDS-3 solutions. The positioning accuracy and the empirical ambiguity resolution success rate are remarkably improved as well, which could reach up to approximately 10%∼60% under poor observational conditions.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1430BDS-3GPSGalileotightly combined modeldifferential inter-system bias (ISB)real-time kinematic (RTK) |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Mingkui Wu Wanke Liu Wang Wang Xiaohong Zhang |
spellingShingle |
Mingkui Wu Wanke Liu Wang Wang Xiaohong Zhang Differential Inter-System Biases Estimation and Initial Assessment of Instantaneous Tightly Combined RTK with BDS-3, GPS, and Galileo Remote Sensing BDS-3 GPS Galileo tightly combined model differential inter-system bias (ISB) real-time kinematic (RTK) |
author_facet |
Mingkui Wu Wanke Liu Wang Wang Xiaohong Zhang |
author_sort |
Mingkui Wu |
title |
Differential Inter-System Biases Estimation and Initial Assessment of Instantaneous Tightly Combined RTK with BDS-3, GPS, and Galileo |
title_short |
Differential Inter-System Biases Estimation and Initial Assessment of Instantaneous Tightly Combined RTK with BDS-3, GPS, and Galileo |
title_full |
Differential Inter-System Biases Estimation and Initial Assessment of Instantaneous Tightly Combined RTK with BDS-3, GPS, and Galileo |
title_fullStr |
Differential Inter-System Biases Estimation and Initial Assessment of Instantaneous Tightly Combined RTK with BDS-3, GPS, and Galileo |
title_full_unstemmed |
Differential Inter-System Biases Estimation and Initial Assessment of Instantaneous Tightly Combined RTK with BDS-3, GPS, and Galileo |
title_sort |
differential inter-system biases estimation and initial assessment of instantaneous tightly combined rtk with bds-3, gps, and galileo |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Remote Sensing |
issn |
2072-4292 |
publishDate |
2019-06-01 |
description |
In this contribution, we assess, for the first time, the tightly combined real-time kinematic (RTK) with GPS, Galileo, and BDS-3 operational satellites using observations from their overlapping L1-E1-B1C/L5-E5a-B2a frequencies. First, the characteristics of B1C/B2a signals from BDS-3 operational satellites is evaluated compared to GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L5-E5a signals in terms of observed carrier-to-noise density ratio, pseudorange multipath and noise, as well as double-differenced carrier phase and code residuals using data collected with scientific geodetic iGMAS and commercial M300Pro receivers. It’s demonstrated that the observational quality of B1C/B2a signals from BDS-3 operational satellites is comparable to that of GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L5-E5a signals. Then, we investigate the size and stability of phase and code differential inter-system bias (ISB) between BDS-3/GPS/Galileo B1C-L1-E1/B2a-L5-E5a signals using short baseline data collected with both identical and different receiver types. It is verified that the BDS-3/GPS/Galileo ISBs are indeed close to zero when identical type of receivers are used at both ends of a baseline. Moreover, they are generally present and stable in the time domain for baselines with different receiver types, which can be easily calibrated and corrected in advance. Finally, we present initial assessment of single-epoch tightly combined BDS-3/GPS/Galileo RTK with single-frequency and dual-frequency observations using a formal and empirical analysis, consisting of ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), ratio values, the empirical ambiguity resolution success rate, and the positioning accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the tightly combined model can deliver much lower ADOP and higher ratio values with respect to the classical loosely combined model whether for GPS/BDS-3 or GPS/Galileo/BDS-3 solutions. The positioning accuracy and the empirical ambiguity resolution success rate are remarkably improved as well, which could reach up to approximately 10%∼60% under poor observational conditions. |
topic |
BDS-3 GPS Galileo tightly combined model differential inter-system bias (ISB) real-time kinematic (RTK) |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/12/1430 |
work_keys_str_mv |
AT mingkuiwu differentialintersystembiasesestimationandinitialassessmentofinstantaneoustightlycombinedrtkwithbds3gpsandgalileo AT wankeliu differentialintersystembiasesestimationandinitialassessmentofinstantaneoustightlycombinedrtkwithbds3gpsandgalileo AT wangwang differentialintersystembiasesestimationandinitialassessmentofinstantaneoustightlycombinedrtkwithbds3gpsandgalileo AT xiaohongzhang differentialintersystembiasesestimationandinitialassessmentofinstantaneoustightlycombinedrtkwithbds3gpsandgalileo |
_version_ |
1725148584695824384 |