The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions
Abstract Background Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an enteric pathogen that affects Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon shrimp in many SE Asian countries. In the western hemisphere, EHP was reported for the first time in 2016 in farmed P. vannamei in Venezuela. Anecdotal evidence suggests tha...
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doaj-01eab1448ea244ec9bc251f989b0f6f82021-02-07T12:17:25ZengBMCBMC Veterinary Research1746-61482021-02-011711810.1186/s12917-021-02778-0The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditionsL. F. Aranguren Caro0F. Alghamdi1K. De Belder2J. Lin3H. N. Mai4J. Millabas5Y. Alrehaili6A. Alazwari7S. Algetham8A. K. Dhar9Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of ArizonaHealth & Fisheries Services Ministry of Environment, Water and AgricultureAquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of ArizonaAquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of ArizonaAquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of ArizonaAquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of ArizonaHealth & Fisheries Services Ministry of Environment, Water and AgricultureHealth & Fisheries Services Ministry of Environment, Water and AgricultureHealth & Fisheries Services Ministry of Environment, Water and AgricultureAquaculture Pathology Laboratory, School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of ArizonaAbstract Background Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an enteric pathogen that affects Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon shrimp in many SE Asian countries. In the western hemisphere, EHP was reported for the first time in 2016 in farmed P. vannamei in Venezuela. Anecdotal evidence suggests that EHP is more prevalent in grow-out ponds where the salinity is high (> 15 parts per thousand (ppt)) compared to grow-out ponds with low salinities (< 5 ppt). Considering that P. vannamei is an euryhaline species, we were interested in knowing if EHP can propagate in P. vannamei in low salinities. Results In this study, we described an experimental infection using fecal strings as a source inoculum. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) P. vannamei were maintained at three different salinities (2 ppt, 15 ppt, and 30 ppt) while continuously challenged using feces from known EHP-infected P. vannamei over a period of 3 weeks. The fecal strings, used as a source of EHP inocula in the challenges, was sufficient to elicit an infection in shrimp maintained at the three salinities. The infectivity of EHP in shrimp reared at 2 ppt, 15 ppt, and 30 ppt salinities was confirmed by PCR and histopathology. The prevalence and the severity of the EHP infection was higher at 30 ppt than at 2 ppt and 15 ppt. Conclusion The data suggests that fecal strings are a reliable source of EHP inoculum to conduct experimental challenges via the fecal-oral route. An EHP infection can occur at a salinity as low as 2 ppt, however, the prevalence and the severity of the EHP infection is higher at a salinity of 30 ppt.https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02778-0Enterocytozoon hepatopenaeiEHPSalinityPenaeus vannamei |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
L. F. Aranguren Caro F. Alghamdi K. De Belder J. Lin H. N. Mai J. Millabas Y. Alrehaili A. Alazwari S. Algetham A. K. Dhar |
spellingShingle |
L. F. Aranguren Caro F. Alghamdi K. De Belder J. Lin H. N. Mai J. Millabas Y. Alrehaili A. Alazwari S. Algetham A. K. Dhar The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions BMC Veterinary Research Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei EHP Salinity Penaeus vannamei |
author_facet |
L. F. Aranguren Caro F. Alghamdi K. De Belder J. Lin H. N. Mai J. Millabas Y. Alrehaili A. Alazwari S. Algetham A. K. Dhar |
author_sort |
L. F. Aranguren Caro |
title |
The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions |
title_short |
The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions |
title_full |
The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions |
title_fullStr |
The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions |
title_full_unstemmed |
The effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in Penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions |
title_sort |
effect of salinity on enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection in penaeus vannamei under experimental conditions |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
BMC Veterinary Research |
issn |
1746-6148 |
publishDate |
2021-02-01 |
description |
Abstract Background Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei (EHP) is an enteric pathogen that affects Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon shrimp in many SE Asian countries. In the western hemisphere, EHP was reported for the first time in 2016 in farmed P. vannamei in Venezuela. Anecdotal evidence suggests that EHP is more prevalent in grow-out ponds where the salinity is high (> 15 parts per thousand (ppt)) compared to grow-out ponds with low salinities (< 5 ppt). Considering that P. vannamei is an euryhaline species, we were interested in knowing if EHP can propagate in P. vannamei in low salinities. Results In this study, we described an experimental infection using fecal strings as a source inoculum. Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) P. vannamei were maintained at three different salinities (2 ppt, 15 ppt, and 30 ppt) while continuously challenged using feces from known EHP-infected P. vannamei over a period of 3 weeks. The fecal strings, used as a source of EHP inocula in the challenges, was sufficient to elicit an infection in shrimp maintained at the three salinities. The infectivity of EHP in shrimp reared at 2 ppt, 15 ppt, and 30 ppt salinities was confirmed by PCR and histopathology. The prevalence and the severity of the EHP infection was higher at 30 ppt than at 2 ppt and 15 ppt. Conclusion The data suggests that fecal strings are a reliable source of EHP inoculum to conduct experimental challenges via the fecal-oral route. An EHP infection can occur at a salinity as low as 2 ppt, however, the prevalence and the severity of the EHP infection is higher at a salinity of 30 ppt. |
topic |
Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei EHP Salinity Penaeus vannamei |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-021-02778-0 |
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