Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are an important diarrhea-causing pathogen and are regarded as a global threat for humans and farm animals. ETEC possess several virulence factors to infect its host, including colonization factors and enterotoxins. Production of heat-stable enterotoxins (STs)...
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doaj-033949eb010b44f4a34d8ae0803f6f8e2020-11-25T00:10:23ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512019-01-011112410.3390/toxins11010024toxins11010024Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host ImmunityHaixiu Wang0Zifu Zhong1Yu Luo2Eric Cox3Bert Devriendt4Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, BelgiumLaboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, 9820 Merelbeke, BelgiumAnimal Medical Testing Center, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Jinhua Polytechnic, No. 888 Haitang West Street, Jinhua 321007, ChinaLaboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, BelgiumLaboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, BelgiumEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are an important diarrhea-causing pathogen and are regarded as a global threat for humans and farm animals. ETEC possess several virulence factors to infect its host, including colonization factors and enterotoxins. Production of heat-stable enterotoxins (STs) by most ETEC plays an essential role in triggering diarrhea and ETEC pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the heat-stable enterotoxins of ETEC strains from different species as well as the molecular mechanisms used by these heat-stable enterotoxins to trigger diarrhea. As recently described, intestinal epithelial cells are important modulators of the intestinal immune system. Thus, we also discuss the impact of the heat-stable enterotoxins on this role of the intestinal epithelium and how these enterotoxins might affect intestinal immune cells. Finally, the latest developments in vaccination strategies to protect against infections with ST secreting ETEC strains are discussed. This review might inform and guide future research on heat-stable enterotoxins to further unravel their molecular pathogenesis, as well as to accelerate vaccine design.http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/1/24ETECheat-stable enterotoxinsvaccination strategies |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Haixiu Wang Zifu Zhong Yu Luo Eric Cox Bert Devriendt |
spellingShingle |
Haixiu Wang Zifu Zhong Yu Luo Eric Cox Bert Devriendt Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity Toxins ETEC heat-stable enterotoxins vaccination strategies |
author_facet |
Haixiu Wang Zifu Zhong Yu Luo Eric Cox Bert Devriendt |
author_sort |
Haixiu Wang |
title |
Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity |
title_short |
Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity |
title_full |
Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity |
title_fullStr |
Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity |
title_full_unstemmed |
Heat-Stable Enterotoxins of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Their Impact on Host Immunity |
title_sort |
heat-stable enterotoxins of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli and their impact on host immunity |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Toxins |
issn |
2072-6651 |
publishDate |
2019-01-01 |
description |
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) are an important diarrhea-causing pathogen and are regarded as a global threat for humans and farm animals. ETEC possess several virulence factors to infect its host, including colonization factors and enterotoxins. Production of heat-stable enterotoxins (STs) by most ETEC plays an essential role in triggering diarrhea and ETEC pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the heat-stable enterotoxins of ETEC strains from different species as well as the molecular mechanisms used by these heat-stable enterotoxins to trigger diarrhea. As recently described, intestinal epithelial cells are important modulators of the intestinal immune system. Thus, we also discuss the impact of the heat-stable enterotoxins on this role of the intestinal epithelium and how these enterotoxins might affect intestinal immune cells. Finally, the latest developments in vaccination strategies to protect against infections with ST secreting ETEC strains are discussed. This review might inform and guide future research on heat-stable enterotoxins to further unravel their molecular pathogenesis, as well as to accelerate vaccine design. |
topic |
ETEC heat-stable enterotoxins vaccination strategies |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/11/1/24 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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