Taking Sleeping Pills and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Background: Sleeping disorder has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the correlation between sleeping pills use and CKD has not been investigated in-depth yet. This study elucidated the potential association of sleeping pill use with the risk of CKD and CKD progression to en...
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doaj-0358fc4bda8b4cea88b1e66fc80fdb962021-01-25T10:10:09ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Pharmacology1663-98122021-01-011110.3389/fphar.2020.524113524113Taking Sleeping Pills and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort StudyChen-Yi Liao0Chen-Yi Liao1Chi-Hsiang Chung2Chi-Hsiang Chung3Kuo-Cheng Lu4Kuo-Cheng Lu5Cheng-Yi Cheng6Cheng-Yi Cheng7Sung-Sen Yang8Sung-Sen Yang9Sung-Sen Yang10Wu-Chien Chien11Wu-Chien Chien12Chia-Chao Wu13Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, TaiwanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanSchool of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanTaiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei, TaiwanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei, TaiwanPET Center and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, TaiwanSchool of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanDepartment of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, TaiwanGraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanSchool of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan0Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanDivision of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanBackground: Sleeping disorder has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the correlation between sleeping pills use and CKD has not been investigated in-depth yet. This study elucidated the potential association of sleeping pill use with the risk of CKD and CKD progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis.Methods: This study was based on a population-based cohort that included 209,755 sleeping pill users among 989,753 individuals. After applying the exclusion criteria, 186,654 sleeping pill users and 373,308 nonusers were enrolled to monitor the occurrence of CKD. Using a cumulative daily dose, we analyzed the types of sleeping pills related to the risk of CKD and ESRD. Propensity score matching and analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression were performed with adjustments for sex, age, and comorbidities.Results: Sleeping pill use was related to increased CKD risk after adjusting for underlying comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.806, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.617–2.105, p < 0.001). With the exception of hyperlipidemia, most comorbidities correlated with an increased risk of CKD. Persistent use of sleeping pills after CKD diagnosis increased the risk of concurrent ESRD (aHR = 7.542; 95% CI: 4.267–10.156; p < 0.001). After the subgroup analysis for sleeping pill use, brotizolam (p = 0.046), chlordiazepoxide (p < 0.001), clonazepam (p < 0.001), diazepam (p < 0.001), dormicum (p < 0.001), estazolam (p < 0.001), fludiazepam (p < 0.001), flunitrazepam (p < 0.001), nitrazepam (p < 0.001), trazodone (p < 0.001), zolpidem (p < 0.001), and zopiclone (p < 0.001) were found to have significant correlation with increased CKD risk.Conclusion: Sleeping pill use was related to an increased risk of CKD and ESRD. Further studies are necessary to corroborate these findings.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.524113/fullperitoneal dialysishemodialysisend-stage renal diseasechronic kidney diseasesleeping pills |
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DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Chen-Yi Liao Chen-Yi Liao Chi-Hsiang Chung Chi-Hsiang Chung Kuo-Cheng Lu Kuo-Cheng Lu Cheng-Yi Cheng Cheng-Yi Cheng Sung-Sen Yang Sung-Sen Yang Sung-Sen Yang Wu-Chien Chien Wu-Chien Chien Chia-Chao Wu |
spellingShingle |
Chen-Yi Liao Chen-Yi Liao Chi-Hsiang Chung Chi-Hsiang Chung Kuo-Cheng Lu Kuo-Cheng Lu Cheng-Yi Cheng Cheng-Yi Cheng Sung-Sen Yang Sung-Sen Yang Sung-Sen Yang Wu-Chien Chien Wu-Chien Chien Chia-Chao Wu Taking Sleeping Pills and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study Frontiers in Pharmacology peritoneal dialysis hemodialysis end-stage renal disease chronic kidney disease sleeping pills |
author_facet |
Chen-Yi Liao Chen-Yi Liao Chi-Hsiang Chung Chi-Hsiang Chung Kuo-Cheng Lu Kuo-Cheng Lu Cheng-Yi Cheng Cheng-Yi Cheng Sung-Sen Yang Sung-Sen Yang Sung-Sen Yang Wu-Chien Chien Wu-Chien Chien Chia-Chao Wu |
author_sort |
Chen-Yi Liao |
title |
Taking Sleeping Pills and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study |
title_short |
Taking Sleeping Pills and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study |
title_full |
Taking Sleeping Pills and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study |
title_fullStr |
Taking Sleeping Pills and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study |
title_full_unstemmed |
Taking Sleeping Pills and the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Nationwide Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study |
title_sort |
taking sleeping pills and the risk of chronic kidney disease: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study |
publisher |
Frontiers Media S.A. |
series |
Frontiers in Pharmacology |
issn |
1663-9812 |
publishDate |
2021-01-01 |
description |
Background: Sleeping disorder has been associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD); however, the correlation between sleeping pills use and CKD has not been investigated in-depth yet. This study elucidated the potential association of sleeping pill use with the risk of CKD and CKD progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis.Methods: This study was based on a population-based cohort that included 209,755 sleeping pill users among 989,753 individuals. After applying the exclusion criteria, 186,654 sleeping pill users and 373,308 nonusers were enrolled to monitor the occurrence of CKD. Using a cumulative daily dose, we analyzed the types of sleeping pills related to the risk of CKD and ESRD. Propensity score matching and analysis using Cox proportional hazards regression were performed with adjustments for sex, age, and comorbidities.Results: Sleeping pill use was related to increased CKD risk after adjusting for underlying comorbidities (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.806, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.617–2.105, p < 0.001). With the exception of hyperlipidemia, most comorbidities correlated with an increased risk of CKD. Persistent use of sleeping pills after CKD diagnosis increased the risk of concurrent ESRD (aHR = 7.542; 95% CI: 4.267–10.156; p < 0.001). After the subgroup analysis for sleeping pill use, brotizolam (p = 0.046), chlordiazepoxide (p < 0.001), clonazepam (p < 0.001), diazepam (p < 0.001), dormicum (p < 0.001), estazolam (p < 0.001), fludiazepam (p < 0.001), flunitrazepam (p < 0.001), nitrazepam (p < 0.001), trazodone (p < 0.001), zolpidem (p < 0.001), and zopiclone (p < 0.001) were found to have significant correlation with increased CKD risk.Conclusion: Sleeping pill use was related to an increased risk of CKD and ESRD. Further studies are necessary to corroborate these findings. |
topic |
peritoneal dialysis hemodialysis end-stage renal disease chronic kidney disease sleeping pills |
url |
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.524113/full |
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