Source–Receptor Relationships and Cluster Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO Concentrations in West Africa: The Case of Lamto in Côte d’Ivoire
The contribution in terms of long-range transport of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO concentrations to measurements at Lamto (5°02′ W–6°13′ N) was analyzed for the 2014–2017 period using the FLEXPART model that calculates the retro-plumes of air masses arriving at the...
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doaj-04c1f6b73dec4f63b65d5af97e0cef8b2020-11-25T03:42:24ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332020-08-011190390310.3390/atmos11090903Source–Receptor Relationships and Cluster Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO Concentrations in West Africa: The Case of Lamto in Côte d’IvoireDro Touré Tiemoko0Fidèle Yoroba1Jean-Daniel Paris2Adama Diawara3Antoine Berchet4Isabelle Pison5Aurélie Riandet6Michel Ramonet7Laboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan 22 BP 582, Ivory CoastLaboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan 22 BP 582, Ivory CoastLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), IPSL, CEA-CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceLaboratory of Atmosphere Physic and Mechanic Fluids (LAPA-MF), University Felix Houphouet-Boigny, UFR SSMT, Abidjan 22 BP 582, Ivory CoastLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), IPSL, CEA-CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), IPSL, CEA-CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceInstitut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, 13000 Marseille, FranceLaboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), IPSL, CEA-CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, FranceThe contribution in terms of long-range transport of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO concentrations to measurements at Lamto (5°02′ W–6°13′ N) was analyzed for the 2014–2017 period using the FLEXPART model that calculates the retro-plumes of air masses arriving at the station. The identification of the source-receptor relationships was also studied with a clustering technique applied on those retro-plumes. This clustering technique enabled us to distinguish four categories of air mass transports arriving at Lamto site described as follows: oceanic and maritime origin (≈37% of the retro-plumes), continental origin (≈21%), and two hybrid clusters (≈42%). The results show that continental emission sources contribute significantly to the increases in concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO and explain ≈40% of their variance. These emission sources are predominantly from north and north-east directions of the measurement point, and where densely populated and economically developed areas are located. In addition, the transport of air masses from these directions lead to the accumulation of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO. Furthermore, the ratios ΔCO/ΔCH<sub>4</sub> and ΔCO/ΔCO<sub>2</sub> observed in the groups associated with Harmattan flows clearly show an influence of combustion processes on the continent. Thus, the grouping based on FLEXPART footprints shows an advantage compared to the use of simple trajectories for analyzing source–receptor relationships.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/9/903LamtoWest Africacluster analysislong-range transportsource–receptor relationshipsCO |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Dro Touré Tiemoko Fidèle Yoroba Jean-Daniel Paris Adama Diawara Antoine Berchet Isabelle Pison Aurélie Riandet Michel Ramonet |
spellingShingle |
Dro Touré Tiemoko Fidèle Yoroba Jean-Daniel Paris Adama Diawara Antoine Berchet Isabelle Pison Aurélie Riandet Michel Ramonet Source–Receptor Relationships and Cluster Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO Concentrations in West Africa: The Case of Lamto in Côte d’Ivoire Atmosphere Lamto West Africa cluster analysis long-range transport source–receptor relationships CO |
author_facet |
Dro Touré Tiemoko Fidèle Yoroba Jean-Daniel Paris Adama Diawara Antoine Berchet Isabelle Pison Aurélie Riandet Michel Ramonet |
author_sort |
Dro Touré Tiemoko |
title |
Source–Receptor Relationships and Cluster Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO Concentrations in West Africa: The Case of Lamto in Côte d’Ivoire |
title_short |
Source–Receptor Relationships and Cluster Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO Concentrations in West Africa: The Case of Lamto in Côte d’Ivoire |
title_full |
Source–Receptor Relationships and Cluster Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO Concentrations in West Africa: The Case of Lamto in Côte d’Ivoire |
title_fullStr |
Source–Receptor Relationships and Cluster Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO Concentrations in West Africa: The Case of Lamto in Côte d’Ivoire |
title_full_unstemmed |
Source–Receptor Relationships and Cluster Analysis of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO Concentrations in West Africa: The Case of Lamto in Côte d’Ivoire |
title_sort |
source–receptor relationships and cluster analysis of co<sub>2</sub>, ch<sub>4</sub>, and co concentrations in west africa: the case of lamto in côte d’ivoire |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Atmosphere |
issn |
2073-4433 |
publishDate |
2020-08-01 |
description |
The contribution in terms of long-range transport of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO concentrations to measurements at Lamto (5°02′ W–6°13′ N) was analyzed for the 2014–2017 period using the FLEXPART model that calculates the retro-plumes of air masses arriving at the station. The identification of the source-receptor relationships was also studied with a clustering technique applied on those retro-plumes. This clustering technique enabled us to distinguish four categories of air mass transports arriving at Lamto site described as follows: oceanic and maritime origin (≈37% of the retro-plumes), continental origin (≈21%), and two hybrid clusters (≈42%). The results show that continental emission sources contribute significantly to the increases in concentrations of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO and explain ≈40% of their variance. These emission sources are predominantly from north and north-east directions of the measurement point, and where densely populated and economically developed areas are located. In addition, the transport of air masses from these directions lead to the accumulation of CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and CO. Furthermore, the ratios ΔCO/ΔCH<sub>4</sub> and ΔCO/ΔCO<sub>2</sub> observed in the groups associated with Harmattan flows clearly show an influence of combustion processes on the continent. Thus, the grouping based on FLEXPART footprints shows an advantage compared to the use of simple trajectories for analyzing source–receptor relationships. |
topic |
Lamto West Africa cluster analysis long-range transport source–receptor relationships CO |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/11/9/903 |
work_keys_str_mv |
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