Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection
Valorisation of industrial low-value waste residues was preconized. Hence, carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized from wastewaters of the cork industry—an abundant and affordable, but environmentally-problematic industrial effluent. The carbon nanomaterials were structurally and morphologically chara...
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doaj-055d7a97f281435ba599860e43f541d42020-11-25T02:30:56ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492020-05-01252320232010.3390/molecules25102320Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein DetectionMarta R. Alexandre0Alexandra I. Costa1Mário N. Berberan-Santos2José V. Prata3Departamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, PortugalDepartamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, PortugalInstitute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, PortugalDepartamento de Engenharia Química, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, R. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro, 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, PortugalValorisation of industrial low-value waste residues was preconized. Hence, carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized from wastewaters of the cork industry—an abundant and affordable, but environmentally-problematic industrial effluent. The carbon nanomaterials were structurally and morphologically characterised, and their photophysical properties were analysed by an ensemble of spectroscopy techniques. Afterwards, they were successfully applied as highly-sensitive fluorescence probes for the direct detection of haemproteins. Haemoglobin, cytochrome <i>c</i> and myoglobin were selected as specific targets owing to their relevant roles in living organisms, wherein their deficiencies or surpluses are associated with several medical conditions. For all of them, remarkable responses were achieved, allowing their detection at nanomolar levels. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, ground-state UV–Vis absorption and electronic circular dichroism techniques were used to investigate the probable mechanisms behind the fluorescence turn-off of C-dots. Extensive experimental evidence points to a static quenching mechanism. Likewise, resonance energy transfer and collisional quenching have been discarded as excited-state deactivating mechanisms. It was additionally found that an oxidative, photoinduced electron transfer occurs for cytochrome <i>c</i>, the most electron-deficient protein. Besides, C-dots prepared from citric acid/ethylenediamine were comparatively assayed for protein detection and the differences between the two types of nanomaterials highlighted.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/10/2320corkwastewatercarbon dotsfluorescencesensorhaemoglobin |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Marta R. Alexandre Alexandra I. Costa Mário N. Berberan-Santos José V. Prata |
spellingShingle |
Marta R. Alexandre Alexandra I. Costa Mário N. Berberan-Santos José V. Prata Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection Molecules cork wastewater carbon dots fluorescence sensor haemoglobin |
author_facet |
Marta R. Alexandre Alexandra I. Costa Mário N. Berberan-Santos José V. Prata |
author_sort |
Marta R. Alexandre |
title |
Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection |
title_short |
Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection |
title_full |
Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection |
title_fullStr |
Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection |
title_full_unstemmed |
Finding Value in Wastewaters from the Cork Industry: Carbon Dots Synthesis and Fluorescence for Hemeprotein Detection |
title_sort |
finding value in wastewaters from the cork industry: carbon dots synthesis and fluorescence for hemeprotein detection |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2020-05-01 |
description |
Valorisation of industrial low-value waste residues was preconized. Hence, carbon dots (C-dots) were synthesized from wastewaters of the cork industry—an abundant and affordable, but environmentally-problematic industrial effluent. The carbon nanomaterials were structurally and morphologically characterised, and their photophysical properties were analysed by an ensemble of spectroscopy techniques. Afterwards, they were successfully applied as highly-sensitive fluorescence probes for the direct detection of haemproteins. Haemoglobin, cytochrome <i>c</i> and myoglobin were selected as specific targets owing to their relevant roles in living organisms, wherein their deficiencies or surpluses are associated with several medical conditions. For all of them, remarkable responses were achieved, allowing their detection at nanomolar levels. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence, ground-state UV–Vis absorption and electronic circular dichroism techniques were used to investigate the probable mechanisms behind the fluorescence turn-off of C-dots. Extensive experimental evidence points to a static quenching mechanism. Likewise, resonance energy transfer and collisional quenching have been discarded as excited-state deactivating mechanisms. It was additionally found that an oxidative, photoinduced electron transfer occurs for cytochrome <i>c</i>, the most electron-deficient protein. Besides, C-dots prepared from citric acid/ethylenediamine were comparatively assayed for protein detection and the differences between the two types of nanomaterials highlighted. |
topic |
cork wastewater carbon dots fluorescence sensor haemoglobin |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/10/2320 |
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