Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air
Paratuberculosis is an important disease of ruminants caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> ssp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP). Early detection is crucial for successful infection control, but available diagnostic tests are still dissatisfying. Methods allowing a rapid, econom...
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2021-05-01
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doaj-087bbdccd5954880a00e11859d84ab542021-05-31T23:42:47ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492021-05-01262854285410.3390/molecules26102854Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable AirMichael Weber0Peter Gierschner1Anne Klassen2Elisa Kasbohm3Jochen K. Schubert4Wolfram Miekisch5Petra Reinhold6Heike Köhler7Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, GermanyRostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, GermanyInstitute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, GermanyDepartment of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Walther-Rathenau-Straße 47, 17489 Greifswald, GermanyRostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, GermanyRostock Medical Breath Research Analytics and Technologies (RoMBAT), Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 35, 18057 Rostock, GermanyInstitute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, GermanyInstitute of Molecular Pathogenesis at ‘Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut’ (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburgerstr. 96a, 07743 Jena, GermanyParatuberculosis is an important disease of ruminants caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> ssp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP). Early detection is crucial for successful infection control, but available diagnostic tests are still dissatisfying. Methods allowing a rapid, economic, and reliable identification of animals or herds affected by MAP are urgently required. This explorative study evaluated the potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to discriminate between cattle with and without MAP infections. Headspaces above fecal samples and alveolar fractions of exhaled breath of 77 cows from eight farms with defined MAP status were analyzed in addition to stable air samples. VOCs were identified by GC–MS and quantified against reference substances. To discriminate MAP-positive from MAP-negative samples, VOC feature selection and random forest classification were performed. Classification models, generated for each biological specimen, were evaluated using repeated cross-validation. The robustness of the results was tested by predicting samples of two different sampling days. For MAP classification, the different biological matrices emitted diagnostically relevant VOCs of a unique but partly overlapping pattern (fecal headspace: 19, alveolar gas: 11, stable air: 4–5). Chemically, relevant compounds belonged to hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, furans, and aldehydes. Comparing the different biological specimens, VOC analysis in fecal headspace proved to be most reproducible, discriminatory, and highly predictive.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/10/2854classification modelsdairy cowsexhaled breathfecal headspace<i>Mycobacterium avium</i> ssp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP)paratuberculosis |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Michael Weber Peter Gierschner Anne Klassen Elisa Kasbohm Jochen K. Schubert Wolfram Miekisch Petra Reinhold Heike Köhler |
spellingShingle |
Michael Weber Peter Gierschner Anne Klassen Elisa Kasbohm Jochen K. Schubert Wolfram Miekisch Petra Reinhold Heike Köhler Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air Molecules classification models dairy cows exhaled breath fecal headspace <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> ssp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP) paratuberculosis |
author_facet |
Michael Weber Peter Gierschner Anne Klassen Elisa Kasbohm Jochen K. Schubert Wolfram Miekisch Petra Reinhold Heike Köhler |
author_sort |
Michael Weber |
title |
Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air |
title_short |
Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air |
title_full |
Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air |
title_fullStr |
Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air |
title_full_unstemmed |
Detection of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Herds by Analyzing the Scent of Feces, Alveolar Gas, and Stable Air |
title_sort |
detection of paratuberculosis in dairy herds by analyzing the scent of feces, alveolar gas, and stable air |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
Molecules |
issn |
1420-3049 |
publishDate |
2021-05-01 |
description |
Paratuberculosis is an important disease of ruminants caused by <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> ssp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP). Early detection is crucial for successful infection control, but available diagnostic tests are still dissatisfying. Methods allowing a rapid, economic, and reliable identification of animals or herds affected by MAP are urgently required. This explorative study evaluated the potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to discriminate between cattle with and without MAP infections. Headspaces above fecal samples and alveolar fractions of exhaled breath of 77 cows from eight farms with defined MAP status were analyzed in addition to stable air samples. VOCs were identified by GC–MS and quantified against reference substances. To discriminate MAP-positive from MAP-negative samples, VOC feature selection and random forest classification were performed. Classification models, generated for each biological specimen, were evaluated using repeated cross-validation. The robustness of the results was tested by predicting samples of two different sampling days. For MAP classification, the different biological matrices emitted diagnostically relevant VOCs of a unique but partly overlapping pattern (fecal headspace: 19, alveolar gas: 11, stable air: 4–5). Chemically, relevant compounds belonged to hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, furans, and aldehydes. Comparing the different biological specimens, VOC analysis in fecal headspace proved to be most reproducible, discriminatory, and highly predictive. |
topic |
classification models dairy cows exhaled breath fecal headspace <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> ssp. <i>paratuberculosis</i> (MAP) paratuberculosis |
url |
https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/26/10/2854 |
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