Basic Properties of a New Polymer Gel for 3D-Dosimetry at High Dose-Rates Typical for FFF Irradiation Based on Dithiothreitol and Methacrylic Acid (MAGADIT): Sensitivity, Range, Reproducibility, Accuracy, Dose Rate Effect and Impact of Oxygen Scavenger

• Main Authors: Muzafar Khan, Gerd Heilemann, Wolfgang Lechner, Dietmar Georg, Andreas Georg Berg
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Published: MDPI AG 2019-10-01
• Series: Polymers
• Subjects: responsive gels in biomedical and diagnostic applications; polymer; gel; precision; radiation therapy; dosimetry; 3d; flattening filter free; fff; oxygen scavenger; dose rate; magnetic resonance
• Online Access: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/10/1717

The photon induced radical-initiated polymerization in polymer gels can be used for high-resolution tissue equivalent dosimeters in quality control of radiation therapy. The dose (D) distribution in radiation therapy can be measured as a change of the physical measurement parameter T2 using T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The detection by T2 is relying on the local change of the molecular mobility due to local polymerization initiated by radicals generated by the ionizing radiation. The dosimetric signals R2 = 1/T2 of many of the current polymer gels are dose-rate dependent, which reduces the reliability of the gel for clinical use. A novel gel dosimeter, based on methacrylic acid, gelatin and the newly added dithiothreitol (MAGADIT) as an oxygen-scavenger was analyzed for basic properties, such as sensitivity, reproducibility, accuracy and dose-rate dependence. Dithiothreitol features no toxic classification with a difference to THPC and offers a stronger negative redox-potential than ascorbic acid. Polymer gels with three different concentration levels of dithiothreitol were irradiated with a preclinical research X-ray unit and MR-scanned (T2) for quantitative dosimetry after calibration. The polymer gel with the lowest concentration of the oxygen scavenger was about factor 3 more sensitive to dose as compared to the gel with the highest concentration. The dose sensitivity (&#945; = ∆R2/∆D) of MAGADIT gels was significantly dependent on the applied dose rate <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> (&#8776;48% reduction between <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> = 0.6 Gy/min and <inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mover accent="true"> <mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula> = 4 Gy/min). However, this undesirable dose-rate effect reduced between 4&#8722;8 Gy/min (&#8776;23%) and almost disappeared in the high dose-rate range (8 &#8804;<inline-formula> <math display="inline"> <semantics> <mrow> <mover> <mrow> <mo>&nbsp;</mo> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> <mo>˙</mo> </mover> <mo>&#8804;</mo> <mo>&nbsp;</mo> </mrow> </semantics> </math> </inline-formula>12 Gy/min) used in flattening-filter-free (FFF) irradiations. The dose response varied for different samples within one manufacturing batch within 3%&#8722;6% (reproducibility). The accuracy ranged between 3.5% and 7.9%. The impact of the dose rate on the spatial integrity is demonstrated in the example of a linear accelerator (LINAC) small sized 5 &#215; 10 mm² 10 MV photon field. For MAGADIT the maximum shift in the flanks in this field is limited to about 0.8 mm at a FFF dose rate of 15 Gy/min. Dose rate sensitive polymer gels likely perform better at high dose rates; MAGADIT exhibits a slightly improved performance compared to the reference normoxic polymer gel methacrylic and ascorbic acid in gelatin initiated by copper (MAGIC) using ascorbic acid.