Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo
Abstract Introduction Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in Malaysia. Whilst many studies have reported the aetiology of pneumonia in Western countries, the epidemiology of pneumonia in Malaysia remains poorly understood. As carriage is a prerequisite for disease, we sought to improve our underst...
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doaj-0b26073a51c54214b12b59dc8702305d2021-04-25T11:29:09ZengBMCPneumonia2200-61332021-04-0113111010.1186/s41479-021-00084-9Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian BorneoDenise E. Morris0Hannah McNeil1Rebecca E. Hocknell2Rebecca Anderson3Andrew C. Tuck4Serena Tricarico5Mohd Nor Norazmi6Victor Lim7Tan Cheng Siang8Patricia Kim Chooi Lim9Chong Chun Wie10David W. Cleary11Ivan Kok Seng Yap12Stuart C. Clarke13on behalf of the MYCarriage groupFaculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonFaculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonFaculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonFaculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonFaculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonFaculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonSchool of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains MalaysiaSchool of Medicine, International Medical UniversityFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia SarawakSchool of Medicine, International Medical UniversityInstitute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical UniversityFaculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonInstitute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical UniversityFaculty of Medicine and Institute for Life Sciences, University of SouthamptonAbstract Introduction Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in Malaysia. Whilst many studies have reported the aetiology of pneumonia in Western countries, the epidemiology of pneumonia in Malaysia remains poorly understood. As carriage is a prerequisite for disease, we sought to improve our understanding of the carriage and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of respiratory tract pathogens in Malaysia. The rural communities of Sarawak are an understudied part of the Malaysian population and were the focus of this study, allowing us to gain a better understanding of bacterial epidemiology in this population. Methods A population-based survey of bacterial carriage was undertaken in participants of all ages from rural communities in Sarawak, Malaysia. Nasopharyngeal, nasal, mouth and oropharyngeal swabs were taken. Bacteria were isolated from each swab and identified by culture-based methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing conducted by disk diffusion or E test. Results 140 participants were recruited from five rural communities. Klebsiella pneumoniae was most commonly isolated from participants (30.0%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.7%), Haemophilus influenzae (9.3%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.4%) and Neisseria meningitidis (5.0%). Of the 21 S. pneumoniae isolated, 33.3 and 14.3% were serotypes included in the 13 valent PCV (PCV13) and 10 valent PCV (PCV10) respectively. 33.8% of all species were resistant to at least one antibiotic, however all bacterial species except S. pneumoniae were susceptible to at least one type of antibiotic. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first bacterial carriage study undertaken in East Malaysia. We provide valuable and timely data regarding the epidemiology and AMR of respiratory pathogens commonly associated with pneumonia. Further surveillance in Malaysia is necessary to monitor changes in the carriage prevalence of upper respiratory tract pathogens and the emergence of AMR, particularly as PCV is added to the National Immunisation Programme (NIP).https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00084-9CarriagePneumoniaMalaysiaPathogenRespiratoryAMR |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Denise E. Morris Hannah McNeil Rebecca E. Hocknell Rebecca Anderson Andrew C. Tuck Serena Tricarico Mohd Nor Norazmi Victor Lim Tan Cheng Siang Patricia Kim Chooi Lim Chong Chun Wie David W. Cleary Ivan Kok Seng Yap Stuart C. Clarke on behalf of the MYCarriage group |
spellingShingle |
Denise E. Morris Hannah McNeil Rebecca E. Hocknell Rebecca Anderson Andrew C. Tuck Serena Tricarico Mohd Nor Norazmi Victor Lim Tan Cheng Siang Patricia Kim Chooi Lim Chong Chun Wie David W. Cleary Ivan Kok Seng Yap Stuart C. Clarke on behalf of the MYCarriage group Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo Pneumonia Carriage Pneumonia Malaysia Pathogen Respiratory AMR |
author_facet |
Denise E. Morris Hannah McNeil Rebecca E. Hocknell Rebecca Anderson Andrew C. Tuck Serena Tricarico Mohd Nor Norazmi Victor Lim Tan Cheng Siang Patricia Kim Chooi Lim Chong Chun Wie David W. Cleary Ivan Kok Seng Yap Stuart C. Clarke on behalf of the MYCarriage group |
author_sort |
Denise E. Morris |
title |
Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_short |
Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_full |
Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_fullStr |
Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_full_unstemmed |
Carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |
title_sort |
carriage of upper respiratory tract pathogens in rural communities of sarawak, malaysian borneo |
publisher |
BMC |
series |
Pneumonia |
issn |
2200-6133 |
publishDate |
2021-04-01 |
description |
Abstract Introduction Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in Malaysia. Whilst many studies have reported the aetiology of pneumonia in Western countries, the epidemiology of pneumonia in Malaysia remains poorly understood. As carriage is a prerequisite for disease, we sought to improve our understanding of the carriage and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of respiratory tract pathogens in Malaysia. The rural communities of Sarawak are an understudied part of the Malaysian population and were the focus of this study, allowing us to gain a better understanding of bacterial epidemiology in this population. Methods A population-based survey of bacterial carriage was undertaken in participants of all ages from rural communities in Sarawak, Malaysia. Nasopharyngeal, nasal, mouth and oropharyngeal swabs were taken. Bacteria were isolated from each swab and identified by culture-based methods and antimicrobial susceptibility testing conducted by disk diffusion or E test. Results 140 participants were recruited from five rural communities. Klebsiella pneumoniae was most commonly isolated from participants (30.0%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20.7%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.7%), Haemophilus influenzae (9.3%), Moraxella catarrhalis (6.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6.4%) and Neisseria meningitidis (5.0%). Of the 21 S. pneumoniae isolated, 33.3 and 14.3% were serotypes included in the 13 valent PCV (PCV13) and 10 valent PCV (PCV10) respectively. 33.8% of all species were resistant to at least one antibiotic, however all bacterial species except S. pneumoniae were susceptible to at least one type of antibiotic. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first bacterial carriage study undertaken in East Malaysia. We provide valuable and timely data regarding the epidemiology and AMR of respiratory pathogens commonly associated with pneumonia. Further surveillance in Malaysia is necessary to monitor changes in the carriage prevalence of upper respiratory tract pathogens and the emergence of AMR, particularly as PCV is added to the National Immunisation Programme (NIP). |
topic |
Carriage Pneumonia Malaysia Pathogen Respiratory AMR |
url |
https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-021-00084-9 |
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