The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process
Gliadin, the alcohol-soluble protein fraction of wheat, contains the factor toxic for celiac disease (CD), and its toxicity is not reduced by digestion with gastro-pancreatic enzymes. Importantly, it is proved that an innate immunity to gliadin plays a key role in the development of CD. The immune r...
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doaj-0c65a28319e8434db6f7a204794a3c382020-11-24T22:22:24ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1422-00672018-02-0119263510.3390/ijms19020635ijms19020635The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy ProcessFederico Manai0Alberto Azzalin1Fabio Gabriele2Carolina Martinelli3Martina Morandi4Marco Biggiogera5Mauro Bozzola6Sergio Comincini7Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyPediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, ItalyDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, ItalyGliadin, the alcohol-soluble protein fraction of wheat, contains the factor toxic for celiac disease (CD), and its toxicity is not reduced by digestion with gastro-pancreatic enzymes. Importantly, it is proved that an innate immunity to gliadin plays a key role in the development of CD. The immune response induces epithelial stress and reprograms intraepithelial lymphocytes into natural killer (NK)-like cells, leading to enterocyte apoptosis and an increase in epithelium permeability. In this contribution, we have reported that in Caco-2 cells the administration of enzymatically digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) reduced significantly the expression of the autophagy-related marker LC3-II. Furthermore, electron and fluorescent microscope analysis suggested a compromised functionality of the autophagosome apparatus. The rescue of the dysregulated autophagy process, along with a reduction of PT-gliadin toxicity, was obtained with a starvation induction protocol and by 3-methyladenine administration, while rapamycin, a well-known autophagy inducer, did not produce a significant improvement in the clearance of extra- and intra-cellular fluorescent PT-gliadin amount. Altogether, our results highlighted the possible contribution of the autophagy process in the degradation and in the reduction of extra-cellular release of gliadin peptides and suggest novel molecular targets to counteract gliadin-induced toxicity in CD.http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/2/635celiac diseaseglutenautophagosomeCaco-2 cells |
collection |
DOAJ |
language |
English |
format |
Article |
sources |
DOAJ |
author |
Federico Manai Alberto Azzalin Fabio Gabriele Carolina Martinelli Martina Morandi Marco Biggiogera Mauro Bozzola Sergio Comincini |
spellingShingle |
Federico Manai Alberto Azzalin Fabio Gabriele Carolina Martinelli Martina Morandi Marco Biggiogera Mauro Bozzola Sergio Comincini The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process International Journal of Molecular Sciences celiac disease gluten autophagosome Caco-2 cells |
author_facet |
Federico Manai Alberto Azzalin Fabio Gabriele Carolina Martinelli Martina Morandi Marco Biggiogera Mauro Bozzola Sergio Comincini |
author_sort |
Federico Manai |
title |
The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process |
title_short |
The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process |
title_full |
The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process |
title_fullStr |
The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process |
title_full_unstemmed |
The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process |
title_sort |
in vitro effects of enzymatic digested gliadin on the functionality of the autophagy process |
publisher |
MDPI AG |
series |
International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
issn |
1422-0067 |
publishDate |
2018-02-01 |
description |
Gliadin, the alcohol-soluble protein fraction of wheat, contains the factor toxic for celiac disease (CD), and its toxicity is not reduced by digestion with gastro-pancreatic enzymes. Importantly, it is proved that an innate immunity to gliadin plays a key role in the development of CD. The immune response induces epithelial stress and reprograms intraepithelial lymphocytes into natural killer (NK)-like cells, leading to enterocyte apoptosis and an increase in epithelium permeability. In this contribution, we have reported that in Caco-2 cells the administration of enzymatically digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) reduced significantly the expression of the autophagy-related marker LC3-II. Furthermore, electron and fluorescent microscope analysis suggested a compromised functionality of the autophagosome apparatus. The rescue of the dysregulated autophagy process, along with a reduction of PT-gliadin toxicity, was obtained with a starvation induction protocol and by 3-methyladenine administration, while rapamycin, a well-known autophagy inducer, did not produce a significant improvement in the clearance of extra- and intra-cellular fluorescent PT-gliadin amount. Altogether, our results highlighted the possible contribution of the autophagy process in the degradation and in the reduction of extra-cellular release of gliadin peptides and suggest novel molecular targets to counteract gliadin-induced toxicity in CD. |
topic |
celiac disease gluten autophagosome Caco-2 cells |
url |
http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/2/635 |
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